Bloom, L. Z. (2008). Insider writing: Plagiarism-proof assignments. In C. Eisner and M. Vicinus (Eds.), Originality, imitation, and plagiarism : teaching writing in the digital age (pp. 208-218). Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015073943162
DeSena, L. H. (2007). Preventing plagiarism: Tips and techniques. Urbana, Ill: National Council of Teachers of English. http://cod.worldcat.org/oclc/76897615
Lathrop, A., & Foss, K. (2005). Guiding students from cheating and plagiarism to honesty and integrity: Strategies for change. Westport, CT: Libraries Unlimited. http://cod.worldcat.org/oclc/60742096
"Teaching our students about proper use of sources and citation methods is an important part of discouraging plagiarism, and defining, discussing, and teaching proper use of sources and citation methods is a useful tactic. Experienced instructors concur that it is important to include information on plagiarism in their syllabi, perhaps confirming class discussions with “academic honesty contracts” or institutional “honor codes.” In addition, instructors can think carefully about course- and assignment-design."
"Explore how to deter plagiarism through the careful design of learning activities and assessments. Successful educators share their strategies for creating projects, research papers, and exams that emphasize higher-order thinking."
"Knowing how to build personal ideas on past knowledge is a central goal of university study, but it sometimes seems that students hear about it mainly through warnings and threats. Here are some practical ways to lessen the risk of plagiarism in your classes while using writing as a way for students to explore ideas and learn ways of thinking."
"The availability of textual material in electronic format has made plagiarism easier than ever. Copying and pasting of paragraphs or even entire essays now can be performed with just a few mouse clicks. The strategies discussed here can be used to combat what some believe is an increasing amount of plagiarism on research papers and other student writing. By employing these strategies, you can help encourage students to value the assignment and to do their own work."
Dow, G. T. (2015). Do cheaters never prosper? The impact of examples, expertise and cognitive load on cryptomnesia and inadvertent self-plagiarism of creative tasks. Creativity Research Journal, 27(1), 47-57.
Elander, J., Pittam, G., Lusher, J., Fox, P., & Payne, N. (2010). Evaluation of an intervention to help students avoid unintentional plagiarism by improving their authorial identity. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 35(2), 157-171.
Ferro, M. J., & Martins, H. F. (2016). Academic plagiarism: yielding to temptation. British Journal of Education, Society & Behavioural Science,13(1), 1-11.
Hollins, T. J., Lange, N., Dennis, I., & Longmore, C. A. (2015). Social influences on unconscious plagiarism and anti-plagiarism. Memory, 1-19.
Keuskamp, D., & Sliuzas, R. (2007). Plagiarism prevention or detection? The contribution of text-matching software to education about academic integrity. Journal of Academic Language and Learning, 1(1), A91-A99.
Reed, S. A. (2015). SafeAssign as a Tool for Student Identification of Potential Plagiarism in an Animal Science Writing Course. Natural Sciences Education, 44(1), 95-100.
Vanacker, B. (2011). Returning students’ right to access, choice and notice: a proposed code of ethics for instructors using Turnitin. Ethics and information technology, 13(4), 327-338.
You copy a sentence directly from an article you found. You cite the source, but you forget to use quotations marks = PLAGIARISM
When you quote the exact words of the original source in your own writing, you must:
cite the source
use quotation marks (or indent for passages longer than three lines)
Consult the style guide you are using for further instructions.
Paraphrasing and Summarizing
Paraphrasing and summarizing are very similar. Both involve taking ideas, words or phrases from a source and crafting them into new sentences. Paraphrasing is expressing an author's ideas in your own words, by changing both the language and the sentence structure.
Summarizing also involves putting the author's ideas into your own words, but summaries omit much of the detail. Whether paraphrasing or summarizing, credit is always given to the author. When writing a paper, you should not have too many quotations. It is much more common that you would paraphrase information from your sources. Paraphrasing is not easy. It is especially impossible to paraphrase something you do not really understand. If you don't understand it, you will be overly dependent on the words of your source. REMEMBER - when you paraphrase or summarize, you must cite the source. Even if you have not used the same words, you have borrowed ideas.
Below is a passage taken from Raymond S. Nickerson's "How We Know-and Sometimes Misjudge-What Others Know: Imputing One's Own Knowledge to Others." Psychological Bulletin 125.6 (1999): p737.
To communicate effectively with other people, one must have a reasonably accurate idea of what they do and do not know that is pertinent to the communication. Treating people as though they have knowledge that they do not have can result in miscommunication and perhaps embarrassment. On the other hand, a fundamental rule of conversation, at least according to a Gricean view, is that one generally does not convey to others information that one can assume they already have.
For effective communication, it is necessary to have a fairly accurate idea of what our listeners know or do not know that is pertinent to the communication. If we assume that people know something they do not, then miscommunication and perhaps embarrassment may result (Nickerson, 1999).
The writer in this example has used too many of Nickerson's original words and phrases such as "effective communication," "accurate idea," "know or do not know," "pertinent," "miscommunication," and "embarrassment." Also note that the passage doesn't have an opening tag to indicate where use of the Nickerson's material begins. A citation at the end of a paragraph is not sufficient to indicate what is being credited to Nickerson
Nickerson (1999) suggests that effective communication depends on a generally accurate knowledge of what the audience knows. If a speaker assumes too much knowledge about the subject, the audience will either misunderstand or be bewildered; however, assuming too little knowledge among those in the audience may cause them to feel patronized (p.737).
Here the writer re-words Nickerson's idea about what determines effective communication. The writer re-phrases "generally accurate knowledge" into "reasonably accurate idea." In the second sentence, the writer re-words Nickerson's ideas about miscommunication and embarrassment using instead the words "misunderstand," "bewildered," and "patronized." Nickerson is given credit from the beginning as the originator of the ideas. This is an example of a successful paraphrase because the writer understands the ideas espoused by Nickerson, and is able to put them into her own words while being careful to give him credit
Nickerson (1999) argues that clear communication hinges upon what an audience does and does not know. It is crucial to assume the audience has neither too much nor too little knowledge of the subject, or the communication may be inhibited by either confusion or offense (p. 737).
Notice that the writer both paraphrases Nickerson's ideas about effective communication and compresses them into two sentences. Like paraphrasing, summarizing passages is a tricky endeavor and takes lots of practice. If you're ever in doubt about whether your summary or paraphrase might be accidental plagiarism, ask your teacher.
Patchwriting
You copy a short passage from an article you found. You change a couple of words, so that it's different from the original. You carefully cite the source. It is still PLAGIARISM because even though you have acknowledged the source of the ideas with a citation, your new passage is too close to the original text. This form of plagiarism is called patchwriting. In patchwriting, the writer may delete a few words, change the order, substitute synonyms and even change the grammatical structure, but the reliance on the original text is still visible when the two are compared.
Note taking will help you organize the information you gather during your reading and research, which will make writing your paper easier. Furthermore, proper note taking can help prevent plagiarism. If you take notes carefully, you can track:
Details about your source (author, title, page, etc.)
Which information came from which source
Which words in your notes are direct quotes and which are paraphrases, summaries, or your own analysis
How to Create Proper Notes
There is more than one way to take research notes as you read. Some people use note cards while others may use Word documents or bibliographic management tools such as Zotero or Endnote. No matter what method you use, make it a habit to record:
A clearly identified source (author, title, page, etc.) with all the information required to write the citation.
Quotation marks and square brackets to indicate which words are direct quotes, and which ideas are your own.
Your information sources must be cited in two places:
In the body of your paper. The most common way to do this is a parenthetical reference like this example in APA format: (Smith, 2004, p. 45). Some styles use numbered footnotes or endnotes instead of parenthetical references.
In a list at the end of your paper. The same source cited in the parenthetical reference (or footnote or endnote) must also be placed in a reference list at the end of the paper. The reference list can also be called Works Cited or Bibliography.
Citing Sources (in-text) within your Paper
A parenthetical reference or an internal, in-text citation refers to the practice of giving credit to an author, artist, performer, or speaker by citing their words/ideas within your paper. It's helpful to think of internal citations as a kind of "tag" indicating what you've borrowed from an author. For every sentence, phrase or idea you borrow, you must "tag" it with an internal citation. Each parenthetical reference is then listed alphabetically in a 'Works Cited' page at the end of your paper. In APA style, a parenthetical reference includes the following information: author, year of publication, and page number(s).
Here is an example of a parenthetical reference formatted in APA style:
In Stolen Childhood the author notes, "Female children received their grandmother's name more often than their own mother's name" (King, 1995, p. 6).
The Bibliography
A Works Cited page, also known as a bibliography or reference list, comes at the end of your paper and lists all the works (books, articles, Internet sites, etc.) you've quoted, paraphrased or otherwise used to create your paper. The citations are usually listed alphabetically by the authors' last names and typically include the name of the publication, the publisher/date of publication, and the volume, issue, and pages if applicable. How works are internally cited and how the citations are arranged in the "Works Cited" page will be determined by the style guide (MLA, APA, Chiicago/Turabian, etc.) specified by your teacher.
Below is a sample of a reference list with four sources in APA style. Click image to open list as a Word document
Note:
♦ The citations are double-spaced.
♦ Lines following the first line are indented.
♦ Citations are organized alphabetically by the author's last name
Why cite?
Citing your sources with parenthetical references and a bibliography acknowledges that you have borrowed information from other authors and therefore protects you from committing plagiarism. Ultimately, citing will help your teacher follow your train of thought and provide your readers an opportunity to consult your original sources.
Helpful Tip
Some students write their bibliographies on the day that the paper is due. Trying to create a proper bibliography at the last minute can be a stressful experience. You should remember that a bibliography is a required element in a research paper, and you should budget enough time to format it correctly. Otherwise you may commit plagiarism by providing incorrect information about your sources.
